Research on World Agricultural Economy

The Relationship Between Agricultural Carbon Dioxide Emission and Agriculture Subsectors Production: Static Panel Data Approach

Ayşe Esra PEKER

Department of Economics, Fırat University, Elazığ, Türkiye

Nuran AKDAĞ

Department of International Trade and Finance, İstanbul Gelişim University, İstanbul, Türkiye

Dilek VEYSİKARANİ

Department International Trade and Business, Laboratory, Munzur University, Tunceli, Türkiye

Mustafa Göktuğ Kaya

Chief Tax Inspector, Ministry of Treasury and Finance, Presidency of Tax Inspection Board & High Commission Member, İKSAD (Institute of Economic Development and Social Research), Ankara, Türkiye

Perihan Hazel KAYA

Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v7i2.2690

Received: 1 September 2025; Published: 28 May 2026

Abstract

Human activities contribute to carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, which have serious environmental, economic, and social effects of climate change. This has sparked efforts to find large-scale solutions to eliminate the causes of climate change. While these solutions mainly involve reducing carbon emissions through global agreements, individual nations have also taken steps to cut emissions by changing production methods, such as irrigation and fertilisation, to ensure the efficient and effective use of resources and the proper storage and transportation of food. As a result, the agricultural sector is both a source and a victim of this process. The sector’s environmental impact varies due to differing production techniques and energy needs across various sub-sectors like vegetable, grain, and fruit production. Increases in carbon dioxide emissions in this sector are connected not only to production activities but also to demographic and social factors, such as the rural population proportion. This study aims to explore the effect of vegetable, grain, and fruit production, as well as the rural population ratio, on carbon dioxide emissions. To achieve this, a static panel data analysis was conducted across 21 European countries from 1970 to 2023. According to the research findings, vegetable production increases carbon emissions from agriculture. However, it was found to have a significant, albeit borderline, impact on fruit production and to reduce carbon emissions. These results demonstrate that agriculture's contribution to carbon dioxide emissions varies by sub-sector and provide valuable information for developing sustainable agricultural policies.

Keywords: Climate Change; Agriculture; Carbon Emissions; Europe; Panel Data Analysis; Economic Growth

References