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…(Scopus)Sumatra Farmers’ Welfare Analysis: A Modified Geographic Weight Regression (Gwr) Model Application
iin inayati
UNIB Bengkulu
Ketut Sukiyono
Department of agricultural socio economics Faculty of Agriculture university of Bengkulu
Retno Agustina Ekaputri Ekaputri
university of bengkulu
purmini
Department of development economics Faculty of Economics and Business University of Bengkulu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v6i4.2079
Received: 29 April 2025; Published: 14 October 2025
Copyright © 2025 iin inayati, Ketut Sukiyono, Retno Agustina Ekaputri Ekaputri, purmini. Published by Nan Yang Academy of Sciences Pte. Ltd..
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the level of welfare of farmer households on the island of Sumatra and examine the determinants of their factors. The study employs a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) comprising three dimensions: health, education, and standard of living. This poverty data and the determinant factors used in this study were obtained from data from the 2023 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) involving 154 city districts on Sumatra Island. The data was analyzed using Modified Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) where commodity prices and the Geographic Difficulty Index (IKG) were used as weights instead of latitude and longitude. The findings indicate that farmers’ welfare is quite good on the island of Sumatra, where the results of calculating the district/city MPI are at a value of 0 to 0,2726 which is included in the Low MPI criteria. The Modified GWR model performs better with an R-square of 0,49 and an adjusted R-square of 0,47. This study also found that the variables of average length of schooling, number of household members, per capita expenditure, government assistance, life expectancy, and land ownership had a very significant effect on the farmers’ welfare. Therefore, it is important for the government to ensure equitable access to education, health and other public facilities, enhancing farmers' skills through mentoring programs, especially for people in rural areas.
Keywords: Farmers Welfare; Multidimensional Poverty Index; Geographically Weight Regression(GWR); Modiϐied GWR; Sumatra Island